What characterizes neap tides?

Neap tides are characterized by a small tidal range that occurs during specific phases of the moon, particularly during the first and last quarters of the lunar cycle. During these phases, the gravitational pull of the moon is perpendicular to that of the sun, leading to a reduced effect on the tides. As a result, the difference between high and low tides is minimized, which is why neap tides are associated with lower high tides and higher low tides, resulting in the small tidal range that defines them. This phenomenon contrasts with spring tides, where the tidal range is at its greatest due to the alignment of the sun and moon, resulting in higher high tides and lower low tides. Understanding the lunar cycle's influence on tides is essential for marine science, as it affects various marine and coastal ecosystems.